Direct (‘dTPMS’)

This type of system uses individual pressure sensors mounted inside each wheel. Each sensor sends its signal to the vehicle via a live, wireless connection. In Europe, the transmission frequency of direct sensors is 433MHz.

Advantages

• Fast reacting to changes in tyre pressure – typically only taking a few seconds.
• Highly accurate – measuring to 1 or 2 psi.
• Will detect a puncture, even after parking.
• Will detect a slow leak.
• Able to identify specific locations of pressure issues.

Disadvantages

• Requires maintenance/servicing, using specialist tools and equipment.
• Risk of damage to sensors when tyres are removed.

Indirect (‘iTPMS’)

This type of system does not directly measure the pressure in the tyre, but uses the ABS sensors on the vehicle to assess the rotational speeds of each wheel. An under-inflated tyre will have a slightly different diameter than a fully-inflated tyre, resulting in that particular wheel having a different rotational speed. This information is then sent to the vehicle’s on-board computer, which triggers the TPMS warning light.

Advantages

• Technology already installed on vehicles.
• Doesn’t require servicing or the need for special tools.
• No risk of damage when removing tyres.

Disadvantages

• Generally not as accurate as direct sensors.
• Slow to react – vehicles often need to be driven for a considerable amount of time before the TPMS warning light comes on.
• A puncture after parking may not be immediately identified.
• Since tyres lose pressure naturally, roughly at an equal rate - this can result in all four tyres being underinflated, without the warning light coming on at all.
• Some indirect systems do not work well with non-OE replacement tyres, requiring specific tyres to be installed for the system to work properly.
• Requires recalibration by the driver every time a vehicle’s tyre pressure is adjusted or a tyre is changed.

Direct TPMS Diagram

Indirect TPMS Diagram

There are various types of direct TPMS sensors available, with independent functions and capabilities:

• Programmable – These are aftermarket sensors that arrive blank and need to be uploaded with vehicle protocol software, via a sensor programming tool, prior to vehicle installation and use.
• Configurable – Typically aftermarket sensors that prior to use require protocol selection from a series of available protocols, which are programmed onto the sensor. A specific LF (low frequency) command from a TPMS diagnostic tool is required for this operation.
• One-to-One Replacement – Direct, pre-programmed replacements for OE sensors made by the vehicle’s manufacturer.
• Multi-Protocol – Aftermarket sensors that are pre-programmed with a variety of vehicle protocols/software.

Configurable Sensor

One to One Sensor

Programmable Sensor

Benefits of offering TPMS services:

• Increased importance of specialised services
• Quick installation times
• Additional income from offering servicing, fitment, and maintenance of TPMS
• Gives workshops, tyre bays and garages a competitive advantage over others who do not offer TPMS services
• Increased income from new services, e.g. additional tyre servicing, replacement TPMS parts and TPMS maintenance
• Customers with summer and winter tyres will come in at least twice a year and can benefit from cloned TPMS. Improved relationships with customers via regular contact and possibility to add additional services.
• TPMS increases the importance of the tyre bay or workshop for servicing purposes, to ensure that the correct torques and fitting are applied to TPMS stems and sensors.

Benefits for vehicle owners:

• Increased fuel efficiency
• Decreased tyre wear, longer tyre life
• Improved driver safety
• Reduced breaking distance
• Lower CO2 emissions
• Better vehicle handling and reliability

If you buy a new vehicle which has TPMS installed as standard, or decide to fit TPMS to your existing vehicle, bear in mind that the systems now form part of the standard MOT test. As such, a fault with your TPMS will result in an “advisory” for vehicles produced before 2012, while a newer vehicle will fail its MOT should the warning light be illuminated during the test.

All manufacturers recommend that TPMS sensors should be checked regularly and serviced every time a tyre is changed or the sensor is removed. As a general rule, sensors should last for approximately 7 years before the battery will need to be replaced. However, sensors can become faulty or fail completely as a result of weather damage, corrosion or accidental damage caused when changing tyres. To ensure the sensor remains in good condition, most manufacturers recommend servicing them (i.e. replacing the valve cap and core components) every time a tyre is changed.

When replacement sensors are fitted to your vehicle, your tyre fitter may need to program the new sensor to the car using specialist diagnostic equipment. If your TPMS sensor does develop a fault, under no circumstances should this be removed and replaced with a ‘standard’ non-TPMS type valve. Removing the sensor will not only reduce your safety on the road, but will also result in your car failing its MOT test.

Corroded Clamp-In Valve

Damaged Snap-In Valve

Tyre Pressure Monitoring Systems (‘TPMS’) are used to check and monitor the air pressure inside a vehicle’s tyres. They are designed to enhance vehicle safety and efficiency, using a system that alerts the driver when tyre pressure falls below the minimum value for the vehicle by displaying an alert on the dashboard. These systems can be either Direct or Indirect, depending on the vehicle.

The EU introduced laws concerning TPMS in 2012, with the aim of increasing road safety on our roads, as well as to help combat global warming and lower CO2 emissions.

It is thought that only 4% of people drive with all four tyres properly inflated - however figures from the EU show that under-inflated tyres are a contributory factor in 9% of all fatal road accidents and 41% per cent of road accidents resulting in serious injuries.

The figures also estimate that worldwide, 20 million litres of fuel are burnt unnecessarily each year due to low tyre pressure, releasing two million tonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere annually.

If the “low tyre pressure” warning light appears on your dashboard when the ignition is turned on, your vehicle will have TPMS installed.

There are two different types of low tyre pressure warning lights on vehicles. One icon is the cross-section of a tyre with an exclamation mark inside. The other is a top view of a car with all 4 tyres exposed. If your TPMS warning light comes on while driving, find a safe place to stop your vehicle where you can manually check your tyre pressures against the vehicle manufacturer’s recommended settings. These can be found in your vehicle handbook, inside the fuel filler flap or on a placard located on the driver’s door sill.

High Line

Low Line

OE Sensors are ‘Original Equipment’ sensors, from the same manufacturer that built the sensors for the vehicle when it was assembled. These sensors are supplied pre-programmed, with a single vehicle protocol from the factory.

Aftermarket Sensors are replacements for the vehicle’s Original Equipment sensors. This includes OE replacement (OE-R) sensors, cloneable sensors, configurable sensors, multi-application sensors and programmable sensors.

Please use our Vehicle Look-Up Tool to check for your car’s compatible sensors.

All manufacturers recommend that when a tyre fitted with TPMS is removed, the sensor valve is serviced or replaced. This is because the valves are subjected to chemicals and road salt during the winter, and are affected by metal fatigue over time.

Please use our Vehicle Look-Up Tool to check if your current sensor has serviceable parts.

A calibrated Torque tool is required as TPMS valves are made of a softer metal (aluminium), which is susceptible to damage if the correct tool is not used.

Torque Tool

Tool Kit

If your TPMS warning light comes on, it could mean one of the following:

• You have low pressure in one or more tyres.
• You have a puncture in one or more tyres.
• One or more of the sensors fitted have become damaged or the battery has expired.
• There may be a TPMS malfunction.

TPMS Warning Light

This could mean a sensor is damaged or the battery has expired. It could also be the result of an extreme weather change – occasionally if the weather is very cold, this can cause a drop in tyre pressure (while heat can cause a slight increase in pressure).

Normally this means that one or more of your tyre pressures are very close to the low-pressure threshold. Overnight when your tyres are cold, the pressure will be at its lowest, which may bring the pressure either close to or below the 20% minimum pressure allowance - switching the TPMS warning light on. Once you start driving however, your tyres will warm up and the pressure will subsequently increase; turning the warning light off. Check your tyre pressures before you drive to make sure they are at the correct pressure.

Direct TPMS sensors are physically mounted onto the wheel rim and measure each tyre’s individual air pressure. When this falls below the manufacturer’s recommended level, the sensor transmits this information to the car’s on-board system and triggers the TPMS warning light on the dashboard.

Indirect TPMS is an integrated system that uses the vehicle’s Antilock Braking System (ABS) to monitor and compare the rotation speed of the wheels. If a tyre’s pressure is low, it will rotate at a different rate to the other tyres - this is then detected by the vehicle’s computer system, which activates the TPMS warning light on the dashboard. Indirect systems are widely viewed as being less accurate and less reliable than Direct TPMS.

Increases safety – According to road safety reports, incorrect tyre pressure in vehicles typically accounts for 9% of fatal accidents and 41% of accidents involving injury in the UK. Properly inflated tyres results in shorter, more reliable breaking distances, and reduces the risk of tears in the tyre surface or tyre blow-outs.

Saves fuel – The EU states that under-inflation of tyres accounts for 20 million litres of additional fuel consumed globally each year. Driving on properly inflated tyres ensures that a vehicle’s fuel consumption is as low as possible, and consequently saves money that would otherwise be spent on fuel.

Environmentally friendly – It is estimated that due to increased fuel consumption, 2 million tonnes of CO2 emissions are released into the atmosphere annually. By using TPMS and reducing fuel consumption, this helps to limit the amount of carbon emissions that your vehicle releases.

Sometimes TPMS sensors are updated physically by the manufacturer without changing the protocols electronically. This happens often with VDO, changing from TG1B to TG1C sensors - or even sometimes having a TG1C sensor as standard, but using a TG1D when some alloy wheel options are chosen.

If your TPMS diagnostic tool cannot activate or reset a sensor, we recommend updating your tool to include the latest TPMS sensors. With a rapidly growing TPMS market, new sensors are released on a regular basis. Upgradeable TPMS tools, such as the H46, are always compatible with the latest TPMS sensors released onto the market.

Every manufacturer has a designated torque specification for the components of the metal valve service kits. Follow the specification that is specific to the service kits being sourced - most service kits provide these specifications on the individual bags the kits are packaged in. A full set of adjustable service tools should be used in the various components, including the base nut and the valve core.

The components that provide a seal have a “memory” of where it was placed and the amount of clamping force. When the old seal is taken off the rim, it is deformed and will not properly reseal when retightened. The installation of a new service kit will provide the sealing components for each applicable sensor (Clamp-In or Snap-In).

Service Kit

• Snap-In sensors have rubber valves, while Clamp-In sensor valves are usually made from aluminium or brass
• Different components need to be replaced when the sensors are serviced
• Different methods are needed for sensor installation/dismounting. A Clamp-In sensor mounts via the wheel’s valve hole and is secured with a mounting nut, then sealed with a separate grommet. Snap-In sensors feature a traditionally mounted rubber valve style.

Clamp-In Valve

Snap-In Valve

Components that require replacement when servicing sensors are highlighted below:

Clamp-In

Snap-In

As of 1^st January 2015, an inoperative or faulty TPMS sensor can cause an immediate MOT failure. EU legislation means that any car manufactured from 2012 onwards will automatically fail an MOT test, if the TPMS warning light is displayed on the dashboard.